NFPA 170 - FIRE SAFETY AND EMERGENCY SYMBOLS

Table 6.7.3 Symbols for Related Equipment

This is an interesting table, as there are (2) symbols with no descriptions, but I am only interested in the door holder symbol. In the past, for practicality, I have used a box with the letters DH in it, which is perfectly fine in my opinion (since that is what I have been doing anyway), but in an effort to maintain a close adherence to NFPA code, and its application to design, then one would want to use the symbol shown below. It is an unwieldy symbol in that there seems to be no logical orientation to it and the related door and wall, or door and floor. Nonetheless, I will incorporate the NFPA 170 symbol whenever possible.

Actual screenshot of page excerpt )table)

CAD block created for use in drawings.

NFPA 170 - FIRE SAFETY AND EMERGENCY SYMBOLS

Table 6.7.1 Symbols for Signal Initiating Devices and Activation Switches

All symbols used in Fire Alarm Designs drawings are derived from NFPA 170, however for what ever reason, there has been a flood of different symbols used for water flow and valve supervisory switches. This is understandable since there are different tables in this edition that seem to represent the same thing...but the actual table used is what should be taken under consideration. Below are examples of the symbols taken from Table 6.7.1, Symbols for Signal Initiating Devices and Activation Switches, as these appear to be the most appropriate for use in a fire alarm design
drawing.

actual screen shot of page excerpt NFPA 170

CAD blocks created from NFPA

these symbols are found in a different table,
Table 6.4 Water Supply and Distribution Symbols

SpeedCAD tips

Purge

The purge command, (icon looks like the head of a broom),
is an essential command to keep drawings organized,
reduce file sizes, and maintain performance. It is useful
after copying and pasting other objects from other drawings, since this operation can import many unseen elements to a drawing.
Purge the drawing to get rid of all unwanted and unused layers, line types,
font instructions, etc...All these things take up space, and also
can slow down the performance.
Autodesk article on purging unused layers. 

SpeedCAD

Types of Sprinkler Systems

Example Design Checklist

Example Design Checklist

____ Completed submittal application provided
____ Plans are clear and legible
____ A minimum of two and a maximum of three sets of plans and calculations provided
____ Plans are signed and dated by the RME (each sheet)
____ Calculations are signed and dated by the RME
____ North arrow provided
____ Common scale provided on the plans
____ Each room use is identified on the plans
____ Specification sheets for all devices (horns, smoke detectors, heat detectors, panels’ etc.)
provided
____ Voltage drop calculations provided
____ Battery drop calculations and discharge curves provided
____ Specifications for wiring (gauge etc.) provided
____ Information on type of conduit to be used provided
____ Riser diagrams provided
____ Wiring from device to device and end of line resistor provided on the plans
____ Total feet of wiring provided on the plans
____ Total feet of wiring provided from device to device
____ Legend for all devices provided on the plans
____ Device address numbers/letters provide on the plans for addressable or analog systems
____ Type of power, primary secondary etc. provided on the plans
____ Total number of each device to be installed provided on the plans (horns 22, heats 12
etc.)
____ Materials utilized in the specification booklet indicated by an arrow to identify the model
or part
____ Cross section(s) provided on the plans

Appliance Lump Sum, End Evaluation Method

Appliance Lump Sum, End Evaluation Method

NFPA 72 Handbook Equation
(1999)
• Appliance lump sum, end load evaluation:
Vload =Vterm − (Iload )(Rconductors)
Where:
Vload = minimum operating voltage of the appliance
Vterm = 20.4 (unless specified by mfr.)
Iload = Total Current draw of the connected appliances
Rconductors = total conductor resistance

 Designing Conduit Runs - EIA/ TIA 569 vs. NEC

Before we start to discuss the differences between the EIA/TIA-569 (Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces) and the National Electrical Code (herein referred to as “NEC” or “the code”), as they pertain to conduit installations, let’s keep in mind, the fact that the NEC is the law of the land, and the EIA/TIA-569 is a recommended standard.

Important Note: Always refer to local codes, in addition to the NEC, or 569, when planning, or performing an installation.

If you ever read through the NEC, you will notice that along with almost every rule, there will be a list of exceptions to the rule. The exceptions recognize the fact that these installations are done in the real world. There are many instances where a rule may not apply, or not be practical, or may make certain installations impossible to do. The writers of the code, on a regular basis, receive feedback from, and consult with, many building industry sources, and make changes accordingly. The NEC is revised every three to four years.

It seems that the 569 standard is much more stringent on many aspects of conduit installations, than the NEC. There can be many circumstances where a telecommunications professional, with good intentions, may have no other choice but not to comply with the 569 standard. I do not believe that any law, set of rules, guidelines, etc., that are made so strict that people choose (or have no other choice) not to follow them, will properly serve the group of people (or industry) that they were designed for. Luckily, the TIA/EIA-569 standard is a living document, which means that it can be revised or changed, due to many factors, including feedback from industry professionals. At the end of this article, we will list, ways in which you can voice your opinion to the TIA/EIA committees.

Sizing Conduits - Fill Factor

When designing a conduit run, the most important decision that you will have to make is it’s size. Consider not only the cables that will be installed now, but the likelihood of having to add cables in the future. “Fill factor” or conduit fill, states the maximum amount of space that the installed cables should occupy in a given size conduit, expressed as a percentage of the interior volume. On the subject of fill factor, the NEC and EIA/TIA-569, are for the most part, in agreement (more about the comparison later). Consider the percentages that are mandated by the “1996 National Electrical Code”, Chapter 9, Table 1 (see table). Note that where the table indicates “number of conductors”, the word “conductors”, may also indicate “multi-conductor cables”. For example, if we were planning to pull three cables into a conduit, the combined cross-sectional area of the three cables, must not exceed 40% of the conduit’s interior volume. Because the table does not specify high or low-voltage cable(s), it can apply to both.

Number of Conductors	1	2	over 2
Percent Fill(all conductor types)	53%	31%	40%

Table 1

Table 1

The fine print note that follows, states:

“Table 1 is based on common conditions of proper cabling and alignment of conductors, where the length of the pull and number of bends are within reasonable limits. It should be recognized that, for certain conditions, a larger size conduit, or lesser conduit fill should be considered.”

My interpretation of the fine print note is that a certain amount of overkill in conduit sizing is OK, and encouraged! Notice that the smallest percent fill, on the table is for two conductors (no more than 31% of the conduit’s interior volume). The reason for this is that two conductors, of the same size, collectively form an oval shape. One, or any number of cables greater than two, will tend to form a circular shape (see figure ZZ).

Calculating Fill Factor

When we calculate fill factor, normally we start out knowing how many cables we need to get from point A to point B. The question is: What size conduit? Or, sometimes a conduit will be existing and we will need to calculate the amount of cables that we may install in it. Once you master the principles of NEC Table 4, and the formula for cross-sectional area, you can easily find either.

Electrical Metallic Tubing
Trade Size Inches	Internal Diameter Inches	Total Area 100% Sq. In.	2 Wires 31% Sq. In.	Over 2 Wires 40% Sq. In.	1 Wire 53% Sq. In.
½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4	0.622 0.824 1.049 1.380 1.610 2.067 2.731 3.356 3.834 4.334	0.304 0.533 0.864 1.496 2.036 3.356 5.858 8.846 11.545 14.753	0.094 0.165 0.268 0.464 0.631 1.040 1.816 2.742 3.579 4.573	0.122 0.213 0.346 0.598 0.814 1.342 2.343 3.538 4.618 5.901	0.161 0.283 0.458 0.793 1.079 1.778 3.105 4.688 6.119 7.819

Note: Shown is only the Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) portion of NEC table 4.

“The Table”

Illustration XX is the NEC table 4, which expresses the exact internal diameters of each of the conduit types, in the various sizes. The diameters are then converted to total area (similar to the way we would calculate the square footage of a room, but using a formula for circular area).The percentages (31, 40, and 53 percent) are then calculated for us. Contrary to popular belief, different types of conduit have slightly different interior diameters. Note that in table 4, there are separate charts for each of the conduit types.

For example, three or more cables, installed in a 2” EMT conduit, should not have a combined “cross-sectional area” of more than1.342 square inches. This figure was based on the fact that a 2” EMT has an internal diameter of 2.067 inches, the total area (in square inches) is 3.356 inches, 40% of 3.356 is 1.342.

“The Formula”

To find out how much area a cable (or cables) will take up, we can use the following formula:

Cable Diameter Squared x 0.7854 x = Cross Sectional Area

Note: The number 0.7854 is arrived at by dividing Pi by four (3.1416 Div. 4 = 0.7854)

Once you have determined the “cross-sectional area”(CSA), for each cable, simply add the CSA (or multiply for same size cables) for each cable to find the Total CSA.

We will now try out the formula and the table to see what size EMT conduit will be required for sixteen (16) category-5 cables. For the purpose of this illustration, assume that a typical cat-5 cable has an outside diameter of .24 inches (just under a quarter inch). First we will find the cross-sectional area for one cable, and then multiply by sixteen, for the total CSA, of the cable group.

Calculate:

(0.24 Squared)

(.24 x .24 = 0.0576)

0.0576 x 0.7854 = 0.045239 square inches per cable in Cross Sectional Area.

0.045239 x 16 = 0.723824 of total square inches in Cross Sectional Area.

Now that we have determined how much area, sixteen category-5 cables will occupy, we can consult Table 4, the section for “Electrical Metallic Tubing”, under the column “over 2 wires - 40%”. As we look down the column, we must look for a number that is equal to or greater than our number. The smallest number that fits the bill is 0.814. Staying on that horizontal line, looking to the left, we can see that the minimum size EMT conduit, for sixteen cat-5 cables would be 1 ½” trade size.

569 Compliance

Don’t be so fast to pull those 16 cables in the 1 ½” conduit. If this is to be a 569 compliant installation, we must abide by 568: 4.4.2.4 “Any single run, extending from a telecommunications closet shall serve no more than three outlets.” I checked with the TIA, their definition of an outlet, boils down to however many jacks, or couplers, can fit on a wallplate. So an outlet can translate to a single, or six or more cables. So if the installation required a single cat-5 to a wallplate, we would only be allowed to pull three cables into the 1 ½” conduit or a 4” conduit for that matter. In this scenario, we would actually use a ¾” conduit Table 4.4-1 indicates that a ¾” could fit three (3) .24 diameter cables. Apparently, this chart was based on the NEC guidelines, but only takes into account EMT conduit, even though that fact is not stated.

It is interesting to note that in the city of Chicago, conduit is required, for low voltage installations in the ceilings, and walls of all hi-rise buildings. Imagine an installation in Chicago that needed to be 569 compliant. If a closet served two hundred outlets, there would have to be sixty-seven (67) conduits extending from this closet.

“Boxes”

568: 4.4.2.6.3 states “Boxes shall be placed in a straight section of conduit and not used in lieu of a bend.” The corresponding conduit ends should be aligned with each other. Refer to the diagram AA, Figures A, B & C, are three, traditional methods of horizontal conduit distribution, none are 568 compliant. Figure D, is compliant, however it would only be practical for use as a ceiling pull box, Figure E , would be the only compliant way to run conduits for horizontal distribution, and be able to have one homerun conduit serving three outlets.

Conduit Bends

There are two aspects of conduit bends for discussion, number (of bends) in one run, and radius. As we will see the 569 standard is much more stringent on both of these aspects, than the NEC.

Number in One Run

NEC 346-11: “There shall be no more than the equivalent of four quarter bends (360 degrees total) between pull points, e.g., conduit bodies and boxes.”

TIA/EIA-569, 4.4.2.1: “No section of conduit shall be longer than 30m (100ft) or contain more than two 90 degree bends between pull points or pull boxes.

Bear in mind that the NEC rule applies to high voltage circuits as well as low voltage. High voltage can be 10, 25, or 50KV (10,000 volts, 25,000 volts and 50,000 volts, respectively). If these highly sensitive, high voltage cables, can be safely installed by following 346-11, then why can’t low voltage cables? Why put a distance restriction? Communication cable may be sensitive, but it is not quite a string of egg shells. It would be interesting to know if the 569 committee did any studies on the stresses, and their effects, that a communication cable will undergo when pulled into conduits, under various conditions. Were the guidelines based on hard facts, or just the rule of thumb that a major amount of overkill will surely get the job done?

Radius of Bends

To comply with the NEC, you need only use a standard conduit bending devise, or purchase pre-fabricated bends. Manufacturers of conduits and their bending apparatuses, make their products to comply with the NEC table 346-10. The NEC 346-10, has only two categories: Conductors without lead sheath, and, Conductors with lead sheath. Lead sheathed cables, once commonly used for electrical service entrances, have all but been replaced by newer insulation’s. For our purposes, we will only refer to the column for Conductors without lead sheath.

On bend radius, the TIA/EIA-569, 4.4.2.2, states the following:

“The inside radius of a bend in a conduit shall be at least 6 times the internal diameter. When the conduit size is greater than 50mm (2 inches), the inside radius shall be at least 10 times the internal diameter of the conduit. For fiber optic cable, the inside radius of a bend shall always be at least 10 times the internal diameter of the conduit”

To compare the NEC’s standards to those of the TIA/EIA-569, I have compiled the following chart. The chart has three columns. The numbers in the columns indicate radiuses, expressed in inches. Since standard conduit bends comply with the NEC, the first column, labeled “standard” refers to NEC guidelines. Column 2, indicates 6 times the conduit’s internal diameter, as recommended by the 569 standard for communication cables (except fiber optics) pulled in conduits 2” or less. Column 3 indicates ten times the conduit’s internal diameter, as mandated by 569, for fiber optics, and conduits over 2”.

EMT Conduit Size Standard 6 x Diameter 10 x Diameter
½”	4”	3.73”	6.22”
¾”	4.5”	4.94”	8.24”
1”	5.75”	6.29”	10.49”
1 ¼”	7.25”	8.28”	13.8”
1 ½”	8.25”	9.66”	16.1”
2”	9.5”	12.4”	20.67”
2 ½”	10.5”	N/A	27.31”
3”	13”	N/A	33.56
3 ½”	15”	N/A	38.34”
4”	16”	N/A	43.34”

Notes:

1. The chart above is based on the internal diameters of EMT conduit. Fractions of an inch are expressed in a decimal format, rounded to the nearest hundredth of an inch.

2. Numbers in red are higher than the standard radii, required by NEC 346-10 .

As we can see by the chart above, the only standard bend that complies with the “six times” rule is for ½” EMT. All other conduit sizes would require custom bending. In addition, most of the radiuses listed in the “ten times” column, would be cumbersome to handle and install, to say the least.

In Conclusion

As a medium, conduit is a viable and practical distribution system for many applications. Unfortunately, the 569 standard, all but eliminates the words “viable and practical”. I think most would agree that some changes need to be made to the 569 standard, pertaining to conduit installations. If you use the information presented here along with some good common sense, you should be able to attain a trouble free and professional installation.

Reprinted by permission from www.LANshack.com